2D/3D X-ray- 2D X-ray imaging is useful for quick evaluations and detecting certain surface-level or easily visible defects. In contrast, 3D X-ray imaging offers a more detailed and thorough view, making it especially effective for analyzing complex structures and identifying smaller or hidden flaws. The selection between 2D and 3D imaging depends on factors such as the application, the sample’s size and complexity, and the level of detail required.

3D X-ray imaging is particularly valuable in failure analysis, as it allows engineers to locate internal defects and enhance product reliability. Although some limitations still exist, ongoing improvements in deep learning and related technologies are steadily addressing these challenges, further increasing the power and accuracy of this technique.